FCAC 新耶魯粵語羅馬字
FCAC Sän Yèhlóuh Yuhtyúh Lòhmáhzih
FCAC Revised Yale Cantonese Romanization
韻母
Wáhn-móuh
Finals
除開受合併規則影響嘅韻母之外（合併規則喺下面有解釋），呢個方案裏面韻母拼寫同粵拼完全相同。
Cèoih-höi sauh hahp-bing kwäi-zäk íng-hóeng ge wáhn-móuh zï-ngoih (hahp-bing kwäi-zäk haah-bihn jáuh gáai-sïk), nï-go föng-òn léoih-mihn wánh-móuh pingsé tùhng Jyutping yunchun söengtùhng.
Except for cases covered by the special rules (explained below), the spelling in our system is exactly the same as Jyutping:
(This table is taken from Wikipedia.)
aa
/aː/
沙
|
aai
/aːi̯/
徙
|
aau
/aːu̯/
梢
|
aam
/aːm/
三
|
aan
/aːn/
山
|
aang
/aːŋ/
坑
|
aap
/aːp̚/
圾
|
aat
/aːt̚/
剎
|
aak
/aːk̚/
客
|
a
/ɐ/
[1]
|
ai
/ɐi̯/
西
|
au
/ɐu̯/
收
|
am
/ɐm/
心
|
an
/ɐn/
新
|
ang
/ɐŋ/
笙
|
ap
/ɐp̚/
濕
|
at
/ɐt̚/
失
|
ak
/ɐk̚/
塞
|
e
/ɛː/
些
|
ei
/ei̯/
四
|
eu
/ɛːu̯/
掉
|
em
/ɛːm/
舐
|
|
eng
/ɛːŋ/
鄭
|
ep
/ɛːp̚/
夾
|
|
ek
/ɛːk̚/
石
|
i
/iː/
詩
|
|
iu
/iːu̯/
消
|
im
/iːm/
閃
|
in
/iːn/
先
|
ing
/ɪŋ/
星
|
ip
/iːp̚/
攝
|
it
/iːt̚/
洩
|
ik
/ɪk/
識
|
o
/ɔː/
疏
|
oi
/ɔːy̯/
開
|
ou
/ou̯/
蘇
|
|
on
/ɔːn/
看
|
ong
/ɔːŋ/
康
|
|
ot
/ɔːt̚/
喝
|
ok
/ɔːk̚/
索
|
u
/uː/
夫
|
ui
/uːy̯/
灰
|
|
|
un
/uːn/
寬
|
ung
/ʊŋ/
鬆
|
|
ut
/uːt̚/
闊
|
uk
/ʊk/
叔
|
|
|
eoi
/ɵy̯/
需
|
|
|
eon
/ɵn/
詢
|
|
|
eot
/ɵt̚/
摔
|
|
oe
/œː/
鋸
|
|
|
|
|
oeng
/œːŋ/
商
|
|
oet
/œːt̚/
|
oek
/œːk̚/
削
|
yu
/yː/
書
|
|
|
|
yun
/yːn/
孫
|
|
|
yut
/yːt̚/
雪
|
|
輔音
Fuh-yäm
Consonants
| IPA |
Jyutping |
Yale |
FCAC |
(Notes) |
| [p] |
b |
b |
b |
|
| [pʰ] |
p |
p |
p |
|
| [m] |
m |
m |
m |
|
| [f] |
f |
f |
f |
|
| [t] |
d |
d |
d |
|
| [tʰ] |
t |
t |
t |
|
| [n] |
n |
n |
n |
|
| [l] |
l |
l |
l |
|
| [k] |
g |
g |
g |
|
| [kʰ] |
k |
k |
k |
|
| [ŋ] |
ng |
ng |
ng |
ŋ is also acceptable. |
| [h] |
h |
h |
h |
|
| [ts] |
z |
j |
z |
Most speakers nowadays does not distinctly discern [s] and [ɕ], but this distinction is present in our system to further articulate, e.g. zë (JP: ze1; Y: ze) vs. jun (JP: zyun3; Y: zyun), cí (JP: ci2; Y: chí) vs. chùhn (JP: cyun4; Y: chùhn) |
| [tɕ] |
z |
j |
j |
|
| [tsʰ] |
c |
ch |
c |
|
| [tɕʰ] |
c |
ch |
ch |
|
| [s], [ɕ] |
s |
s |
s |
|
| [ɕ] |
s |
s |
s |
|
| [kʷ] |
gw |
gw |
gw |
|
| [kʷʰ] |
kw |
kw |
kw |
|
| [j] |
j |
y |
y |
Abbreviated when the final starts with "i". |
| [w] |
w |
w |
w |
|
合併規則 Hahp-bing Kwäi-zäk Special rules for combination
-
對於韻母 yu 同 oe，如果喺佢之前嘅輔音係 z 或者 c 嘅時候，z 變為 j，c 變為 ch，同時 y 省略唔寫。e.g. "jun" 而唔係 "zyun"，"chun" 而唔係 "cyun" 或者 "chyun".
Deoi-yü wánh-móuh "yu" tùhng "oe", yùh-gwó hái kéoih zï-cìhn ge fùh-yäm haih "z" waahkzé "c" ge sìh-hauh, "z" bin-wàih "j", "c" bin-wàih "ch", tùhngsìh "y" sáangloehk m̀h-sé. e.g. "jun" ìh m̀h-haih zyun, "chun" ìh m̀h-haih "cyun" waahkzé "chyun".
For endings "yu" and "oe", if the consonants before them are "z" or "c", then "z" becomes "j", "c" becomes "ch", and the existing "y" is omitted. e.g. "jun" instead of "zyun", "chun" instead of "cyun" or "chyun".
- 注意： eo 開頭嘅韻母唔變。e.g. "zöeng" 應該寫為 "jöeng"，但係 "zeoih" 唔應該變為 "jeoih"。
Jù-ì: "eo" höitàuh ge wáhn-móuh m̀h-bin. e.g. "zöeng" ïng-göi sé-waih "jöeng", dàahn-hàih "zeoih" m̀h-ïng-göi bin-wàih "jeoih".
Note: finals that starts with "eo" does not change, e.g. write "jöeng" instead of "zöeng" but "zeoih" instead of "jeoih".
- 由於本方案用字母 y 對應粵拼嘅 j，所有用粵拼寫作 j + y 開頭韻母嘅音節喺本方案內一律省略 y。e.g. yut instead of yyut.
Yàuh-yü bún-föng-òn yuhng zih-móuh "y" deoi-ing Jyutping ge "j", só-yáuh yuhng Jyutping sé-zok "j" + "y" höi-tàuh wáhn-móuh ge yämzit hái bún-föng-on noi yät-leoht sáang-loehk "y".
Because this system uses the letter "y" to represent what would be "j" in Jyutping, finals that starts with "y" in Jyutping should drop this "y", e.g. "yut" instead of "yyut".
-
對於以 "i" 開頭嘅韻母，如果個輔音係 "y" （即係粵拼嘅 "j"），呢個輔音要省略。e.g. "i" 而唔係 "yi"，"ing" 而唔係 "ying"。
Deoi-yü íh "i" höi-tàuh ge wáhn-móuh, yùh-gwó go fuh-yäm hàih "y" (zïk-hàih Jyutping ge "j"), nï-go fuh-yä iu sáang-loehk.
For finals start with "i", if the consonant is "y" ("j" in Jyutping), the "y" is omitted. e.g. "i" instead of "yi", "ing" instead of "ying".
音調 Yäm-diuh Tones
例子：Laihzí: Example:
| Tone |
Jyutping |
Yale |
FCAC |
(Notes) |
| 1 (High flat) |
si1 |
sī |
sï |
|
| 1 (High falling) |
si1 |
sì |
sì/sî/sïh/sï |
Modern Cantonese does not discern high flat and high falling most of the time, so one may replace sïh with sï. |
| 2 (High rising) |
si2 |
sí |
sí |
|
| 3 (Medium flat) |
si3 |
si |
si |
|
| 4 (Low flat) |
si4 |
sìh |
sìh |
|
| 5 (Low rising) |
si5 |
síh |
síh |
|
| 6 (Medium-low flat) |
si6 |
sih |
sih |
|
| 7 (High flat entering) |
sek1 |
sēk |
sëk |
|
| 8 (Medium flat entering) |
sek3 |
sek |
sek |
|
| 9 (Medium-low flat entering) |
sek6 |
sehk |
sehk |
|
規則如下：
Kwäizäk yùh-haah:
The rule goes as follows:
- 字母a、e、i、o同u為元音字母。
Zihmóuh a, e, i, o tùhng u wàih yùhn-yäm zihmóuh.
The letters a, e, i, o and u are considered "vowel letters".
-
單個音節有多個元音字母時，diacritics符號只加喺第一個字母度（其他字母唔加）。
Däan-gò yämzit yáuh dögo yùhnyäm zihmóuh sìh, diacritics fùhhóu zí gäa hái dahiyätgo zihmóuh douh (kèihtäa zihmóuh m̀hgäa).
The diacritics is only added to the first vowel letter (it's not added to other vowel leters).
(e.g. säam instead of sääm)
- h加喺最後一個元音字母之後。
h gäa hái zeoihauh yätgo y`uhn-yäm zihmóuh zïhauh.
The letter h is added after the last vowel letter.
(e.g. seoih instead of seohi or sheoi)
分詞 Fäncih Word separation
對如何分詞冇特別要求，似越南語每個字分一個詞亦可，常用詞連住寫亦得；但係應以「是否方便閲讀」同「是否不會產生混淆」為準。
Deoi yùh-hòh fäncìh móuh dahkbiht ïukàuh, cíh yuht nàahm yúh múih go zih fän yät go cìh ihk ho, sòehng-yuhng-cìh lìhnjuhsé ihkdäk; daahnhaih ïng-íh "sihfáu föngbihn yuhtduhk" tùhng "sihfáu bät-wuih cáansäng wahn-ngàuh" wàihzéon.
There's no special requirements about word separation. Both Vietnamese style (each character is a word) and "sticked-together" style for commonly-used words are acceptable, but overall the separation should be easy to read and not causing any confusions.
冇元音嘅音節嘅聲調符號
Móuh yùhn-yäm ge yämzit ge sïngdiuh fùh-hóu
Syllables without vowel letters but require tone accent marks
對於m：
Deoi-yü m:
For the syllable m:
- m4（e.g. 唔、嘸）寫作m̀h。
m4 sézok m̀h.
The syllable "m4" (in Jyutping) is written as "m̀h".
- m2（e.g. 呣）寫作m'，手寫或者允許時寫作ḿ。
m2 sézok m', sáusé waahkzé wáhn-héoi-s`ih sézok ḿ.
The syllable "m2" (in Jyutping) is written as "m'" on devices but as "ḿ" when writing by hand or when it's supported by the device.
對於ng：
Deoi-yü ng:
For the syllable ng:
- ng4（e.g. 吾、吳、蜈）寫作ǹgh。
ng4 sézok ǹgh.
The syllable "ng4" (in Jyutping) is written as "ǹgh".
- ng5（e.g. 午、五、伍）寫作ńgh。
ng5 sézok ńgh.
The syllable "ng5" (in Jyutping) is written as "ńgh".
- ng6（e.g. 誤、悟、晤）寫作ngh。
ng6 sézok ngh.
The syllable "ng6" (in Jyutping) is written as "ngh".
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